Fasting in Human Civilization

The Quran tells us:

in Chapter 2:183 “Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you…”

Today, we have evidence from research that fasting was practiced by virtually all peoples across civilizations at different times throughout human history.

For the Egyptians: Fasting was often associated with purification and preparation for religious ceremonies or to honor their gods.
In ancient Greece, fasting was practiced as a form of purification and to prepare for certain religious rites or festivals, or as part of initiation rituals.
The Romans also observed fasting, particularly in connection with their religious festivals and to appease their gods.
In Zoroastrianism, fasting was practiced as a form of penance and spiritual discipline, but they avoided prolonged fasting, as they believed it weakened the body and mind, which were gifts from Ahura Mazda (the supreme deity).
Fasting has been a significant practice in Judaism for centuries, including days such as Yom Kippur and Tisha B'Av. Fasting is associated with repentance, mourning, and seeking divine favor.
We may be all to familiar with the practice of fasting in Christianity during Lent, a 40-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance leading up to Easter. This type of fasting emulates Jesus, who fasted for 40 days in the wilderness.
Before Islam, the Arabs of Mecca and the surrounding regions observed fasting as part of their religions. The tribe of Quraysh fasted on the day of Ashura, which was later established in Islam.
Hindus: fast, some on specific days of the week, or in honor of certain deities. Fasting is practiced during Navratri, Ekadashi, and Mahashivratri. Their practices vary, with some people abstaining from food entirely and others avoiding specific types of foods.
In Buddhism, fasting is practiced as a form of self-discipline and a way to cultivate mindfulness. Monks and nuns often observe fasting as part of their ascetic practices, particularly on Uposatha days (days of observance).
Many indigenous and tribal cultures around the world practiced fasting as part of their spiritual traditions, often used in rituals to seek visions, communicate with spirits, or prepare for important ceremonies.

Fasting demonstrated common themes and purposes across the various civilizations

Spiritual Themes

Spiritual Purification: By abstaining from physical needs, individuals seek to cleanse themselves of impurities and focus on spiritual growth. Fasting has been a means of purifying the soul, mind, and body.
Symbolism of Sacrifice: Fasting is often seen as a form of sacrifice, demonstrating one's commitment to spiritual principles and willingness to give up worldly comforts.
Penance and Repentance: Many traditions use fasting as a way to seek forgiveness for sins or wrongdoings. It is often associated with remorse and a desire to make amends, acknowledge wrongdoings and seek forgiveness, and stifle their egos.
Seeking Divine Favor or Guidance: Fasting is often practiced to draw closer to God, seek blessings, or gain spiritual insight. It is seen as a way to demonstrate devotion and submission to God.
Commemoration of Sacred Events: Fasting is frequently tied to significant religious events, historical occurrences, or holy days. It serves as a way to honor and remember these moments.

Physiological Themes

Self-Discipline and Self-Control: Fasting teaches restraint and self-discipline, helping individuals overcome desires and impulses. This is seen as a way to strengthen willpower and character.
Physical and Mental Detoxification: Many traditions view fasting as a way to detoxify the body and mind, promoting health and clarity. This is often seen as complementary to spiritual goals, and a means to enhance holistic individual performance

Community Solidarity Themes

Empathy and Solidarity with the Less Fortunate: Fasting often fosters empathy for those who suffer from hunger or poverty. By experiencing hunger firsthand, individuals are reminded to be charitable and compassionate.
Community and Shared Experience: Fasting often brings communities together, creating a sense of unity and shared purpose. It is frequently observed collectively during specific times or festivals.

While the rituals and contexts of fasting vary across traditions, its core essence—rooted in sacrifice, reflection, and devotion—remains remarkably consistent. By considering the common threads that weave through the fasting practices of ancient and modern civilizations, we gain a deeper appreciation for this timeless act of faith and its enduring relevance in fostering personal growth, communal solidarity, and a deeper connection to the divine.

Fasting is an established means of purification, self-discipline, repentance, or empathy, and as a profound expression of humanity's quest for meaning, connection, and transcendence. It’s a testament to the universal human aspiration for spiritual elevation and moral integrity – we can establish and grow a stronger direct relationship with Allah, and in doing so, live the best life for this world, and the next.